Comparison of Two Sample Preparation Methods for X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry in the Determination of Ni and Cr     

Surendra P. Verma  Rosalinda González‐Ramírez  Rodolfo Rodríguez‐Ríos 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2011,35(2):183-192

Pressed powder pellets and fused beads or glass disks are routinely used in X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of major and trace elements, respectively, in geological materials. In order to evaluate the performance of these two sample preparation methods, we determined Ni and Cr concentrations of fourteen RMs from Japan, France and South Africa, and eighty‐five igneous and three sedimentary rock samples from Mexico in both powder pellets and glass beads. We also computed new values of statistical parameters for RMs from an outlier‐based multiple‐test method and compared them with the literature mean and confidence limit values. The results showed that the multiple‐test method provided more reliable central tendency and dispersion parameters for RMs than those obtained previously from the two or three standard deviation method, or from robust methods. The powder pellet and fused bead sample preparation methods provided consistent results for Ni and Cr at concentration levels > 50 μg g^?1 in this application; for lower concentration levels, however, these methods showed somewhat greater differences. For quantitative comparisons, both ordinary and weighted least‐squares linear regression models were used to show that the two sample preparation methods provided generally unbiased results.  相似文献   

Features of aerosol optical depth and its relation to extreme temperatures in China during 1980-2001     

HU Ting  SUN Zhaobo  LI Zhaoxin 《海洋学报(英文版)》2011,(2):33-45

Based on Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) monthly aerosol optical thickness (AOT) measurements in 1980–2001 a study is made of space/time patterns and difference between land and sea of AOT 0.50 μm thick over China,which are put into correlation analysis with synchronous extreme temperature indices (warm/cold day and night).Results suggest that 1) the long-term mean AOT over China is characterized by typical geography,with pronounced land-sea contrast.And AOT has significant seasonality and its seaso...  相似文献   

1960-2004年金沙江径流量特征及其对气候变化的响应   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

卓嘎  建军  边巴次仁 《冰川冻土》2011,33(2):405-415

基于金沙江流域内1960-2004年的水文、气象站观测数据,分析了区域内径流量的年际、年代际变化以及气候因素(如降水量、平均气温)对径流变化的影响.结果表明:近40 a来径流量呈现逐渐增加趋势,并且支流雅砻江为金沙江径流量的主要产流区;干流与支流均存在年代间丰枯转移,20世纪60年代、90年代偏丰,70年代偏枯;干流夏...  相似文献   

青藏公路沥青路面下土体温度的小波分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

文斌  吴青柏  刘永智  张中琼 《冰川冻土》2011,33(4):884-890

青藏公路多年冻土区监测断面所获得的土体温度时间序列,只在时间域中分析会忽略频域中所含的重要信息．为了揭示多年冻土区路基下土体温度随时间变化的频谱特征,运用小波变换法对自然地面下和沥青路面下温度变化的频谱特征和趋势进行分析．结果表明：2m、6m深度处温度变化均存在12月、6月和3月的周期成分及1—2月的短周期成分,其中以...  相似文献   

淮河干流径流量长期变化趋势及周期分析   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

王振龙  陈玺  郝振纯  王式成  孙乐强  崔蕾 《水文》2011,31(6):79-85

基于淮河干流鲁台子站1951～2008年径流量资料,采用最小二乘法、PIII曲线法和小波分析方法系统分析鲁台子站径流量的变化特征。结果表明:汛期径流量占全年径流总量的64%,年际变化最大相差4.7倍;从线性趋势来看,年径流量减少速率为0.68×108m3/a,其中汛期径流量减少速率为0.24×108m3/a,非汛期径流量减少速率为0.44×108m3/a,汛期径流量丰枯变化跟全年径流量相似程度高,非汛期径流量的年际波动较平稳;三种小波母函数对年径流序列周期分析结果略有差异,Mexcian hat小波检测结果偏宏观,Morlet小波和cmor2-1小波检测兼顾微观周期,cmor2-1小波更加准确全面反映径流周期变化,综合分析得出鲁台子年径流序列2年左右的主周期和8年左右的次周期。  相似文献   

应用元素分析仪测定铅锌矿中的高含量硫     

徐国栋  葛建华  王凤玉  程江 《岩矿测试》2015,34(2):234-237

目前对铅锌矿中高含量硫的测定主要采用传统的重量法和容量法,但由于铅锌矿基体复杂,干扰较多,造成操作步骤繁琐;而采用湿法仪器分析又受制于样品的前处理等问题使得测定结果的准确度较差。本文建立了应用元素分析仪测定铅锌矿中的高含量硫(1.0%~32.0%)的分析方法。将样品磨制成粒度小于0.075 mm的粉末,样品制备时加入高纯二氧化硅作为稀释剂以降低铅锌矿的含硫量,仪器测量时加入线状氧化铜作为添加剂以提高硫的氧化效果,优先选用与实际测定样品相同性质的铅锌矿国家标准物质GBW07287(硫的标准值为10.76%)建立标准曲线以减小基体效应。方法精密度(RSD,n=12)小于1%,实际样品分析的测定值与重量法的相对误差小于1%。本方法比化学分析方法的操作简单,几乎没有干扰;比湿法仪器分析方法的样品前处理步骤少,待测元素硫的损失少,测定结果可靠度高。  相似文献   

Evaluation of CMIP5 Climate Models in Simulating 1979–2005 Oceanic Latent Heat Flux over the Pacific     

Ning Cao  Baohua Ren  Jianqiu Zheng 《大气科学进展》2015,32(12):1603-1616

The climatological mean state,seasonal variation and long-term upward trend of 1979–2005 latent heat flux(LHF) in historical runs of 14 coupled general circulation models from CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) are evaluated against OAFlux(Objectively Analyzed air–sea Fluxes) data. Inter-model diversity of these models in simulating the annual mean climatological LHF is discussed. Results show that the models can capture the climatological LHF fairly well,but the amplitudes are generally overestimated. Model-simulated seasonal variations of LHF match well with observations with overestimated amplitudes. The possible origins of these biases are wind speed biases in the CMIP5 models. Inter-model diversity analysis shows that the overall stronger or weaker LHF over the tropical and subtropical Pacific region,and the meridional variability of LHF,are the two most notable diversities of the CMIP5 models. Regression analysis indicates that the inter-model diversity may come from the diversity of simulated SST and near-surface atmospheric specific humidity.Comparing the observed long-term upward trend,the trends of LHF and wind speed are largely underestimated,while trends of SST and air specific humidity are grossly overestimated,which may be the origins of the model biases in reproducing the trend of LHF.  相似文献   

Numerical Study of the Impacts of Urban Expansion on Meiyu Precipitation over Eastern China          下载免费PDF全文

MA Xinye  ZHANG Yaocun 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2015,29(2):237-256

The Yangtze River Delta(YRD) has experienced significant urban expansion in recent years, while the Meiyu belt of China has demonstrated a decadal northward shifting trend. Thus, it is of interest to assess how urban expansion affects Meiyu precipitation and hopefully to reveal the underlying physical mechanisms involved. In this study, the urban extents over the YRD in 2001 and 2010 are derived based on land use/land cover(LULC) category data and nighttime light image data. Two parallel groups of10-summer(2001–2010) numerical simulations are carried out with the urban extents over the YRD in2001 and 2010, respectively. The results show that the urban expansion in the YRD tends to result in increased(decreased) Meiyu precipitation over the Huaihe River(Yangtze River) basin with intensities of0.2–1.2 mm day-1. Further analysis indicates that the spatiotemporal pattern of the Meiyu precipitation change induced by the urban expansion resembles the third empirical orthogonal function(EOF) mode of the observed Meiyu precipitation. Analyses of the possible underlying physical mechanisms reveal that urban expansion in the YRD leads to changes in the surface energy balance and warming(cooling) of tropospheric(stratospheric) air temperature over eastern China. Anomalous upward(downward) motion and moisture convergence(divergence) over the Huaihe River(Yangtze River) basin occur, corresponding to the increases(decreases) of the Meiyu precipitation over the Huaihe River(Yangtze River) basin.  相似文献   

西南地区极端降水变化趋势   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  

罗玉  范广洲  周定文  华维  李金建 《气象科学》2015,35(5):581-586

利用西南地区90个气象台站1970-2010年逐日降水量资料,依据世界气象组织(WMO)定义的连续5d最大降水量、总降水量、强降水比等6种极端降水指数,采用F检验、11a滑动平均等统计方法,研究了西南地区极端强降水变化趋势的时空变化特征。在时间上,西南地区近41年来冬、春、夏季连续5d最大降水量缓慢波动上升,秋季连续5d最大降水量呈下降趋势;强降水、降水强度及强降水比呈上升趋势,但总降水量和最长持续无降水日数呈减少趋势;另外,各极端降水指数还存在明显的年际、年代际变化。在空间上,西南地区极端降水变化趋势具有显著的地域差异,呈东西或西北东南向梯度变化特征。其中冬季连续5d最大降水量、降水强度、强降水比及最长持续无降水日数,在西南大部分地区呈增加趋势。秋季连续5d最大降水量与总降水量在西南大部分地区呈减少趋势。而春、夏季连续5d最大降水量和强降水的增减区域大致相当。  相似文献   

北京西南部地区大气污染分析     

张薇  高迎新  李杰  杨浩丽 《气象科技》2015,43(4):734-739

近年来北京的气象特征、雾霾发生频次、能见度变化特征及特点受到越来越多的关注。利用北京西南地区代表站的能见度,通过回归分析、Mann Kendall趋势分析突变检验方法等,对近34年能见度的变化特征及突变性进行了分析研究,发现平原地区和山区日平均能见度年际变化均呈下降趋势,季节变化以春冬季能见度较好,日变化显著,平原站年均能见度在1997年前后出现突变。结合常规地面观测要素进行了相关分析,发现能见度与湿度相关性最好。利用房山区环保局提供的2013年全年污染物浓度数据,分析能见度与污染指数的关系,发现在各污染因子中,PM25同能见度的相关性最好,SO2相关性最差,为今后污染治理提供参考依据。  相似文献